Chromatographic resolution gains have been made with smaller columns as well as reducing solvent volumes and run times. UHPLC columns (with sub 2 µm particles) are adopted when commercial equipment becomes available to support the higher pressures. By 2007, core–shell silica particles (a combination of solid core and porous shell) have been increasingly used. Core–shell technology reportedly provides the same separation efficiency as the sub 2 µm particles columns while eliminating the disadvantages of high back pressure. HPLC columns packed with either sub 2 µm particles or core–shell particles have been employed in a wide range of applications.
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